impact of school closures

[3] OECD (2018), The Future of Education and Skills: Education 2030, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20(05.04.2018).pdf. Given the critical role proper IT resources and parental involvement have played in ensuring education continuity during the crisis (Gouëdard, Pont and Viennet, 2020[1]), the hysteresis induced by school closures may be more prevalent among students from less privileged backgrounds. This paper is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. … Evidence increasingly indicates that the lockdown and restrictions has had a significant impact on the education, well-being, and mental health of children. [10] Department for Education, UK (2020), Guidance: Supporting vulnerable children and young people during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak - actions for educational providers and other partners, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people (accessed on 18 June 2020). Studies show that the global pandemic has profound effects not only on the aspects of society, but also the mental health and physical health of adults, children, and adolescents. The present global school closures … (2020), “Educational challenges and opportunities of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic”, Worldbank Blogs, https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/educational-challenges-and-opportunities-covid-19-pandemic (accessed on 18 June 2020). This means that school closures could lead to a combined loss of £350 billion in earnings for the UK’s school children with disastrous implications for tax revenue and national economic growth. In the OECD-Harvard Graduate School of Education Survey, the impact of school closures on education continuity was estimated to be at least 2 months of instruction for half of the primary and secondary school students (Figure 1). A record number of children and youth are not attending school because of closures mandated by governments in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19. Our inclusion date of 1995 onwards was set partly in order to 34% of teachers reported contacting specific parents to offer advice about supervised learning. In Spain, students from the “Second Chance Schools” (Escuelas de Segunda Oportunidad, E2O), a network of schools providing 15-29 year old not in education, employment, or training (NEET), an original pedagogical model, benefitted from individualised follow-ups carried out by telephone, in which academic, health and personal doubts were discussed (CEDEFOP, 2020[9]). School closures will result in EAL pupils having much less exposure to English, which in the early years and primary, for children who are still acquiring English, will put them at a disadvantage and result in them not being able to access the curriculum. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30964-8. In the meantime, governments can establish different forms of targeted communication to reinitiate contact with disengaged students, and adopt a flexible curriculum centred on key competences to restore students’ confidence. 224, https://doi.org/10.1787/8e95f977-en. 1. Previous research on the impact of school closures The Cooper et al. It’s important that governments encourage the widespread use of teletherapy and virtual mental health services in the short-term in order to not delay services for children and youth with past mental health treatment for pre-existing needs. Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today. Ariela Rozman . For countries now defining their mid-term strategies, the potential long-term educational impact of the crisis requires these countries to pursue a double objective. He recalls that the literature has only shown “tiny” effects of the school year length on students’ outcomes, and that the Christchurch earthquakes in 2011, which led to prolonged school closures, did not undermine students’ performance in school examinations at the end of the year, mostly because teachers focused afterwards on "what has to be learnt". During the pandemic, transition coaches have adjusted their services to ensure the continuity of tailored support, providing advice to young people as much as possible by phone (CEDEFOP, 2020[11]). [2] Reimers, F. and A. Schleicher (2020). It stems from the many elements, often linked to the socio-economic background, leading to a withdrawal from the school system that will induce a long term impact on students’ outcomes. Interim Paper: Impact of school closures and subsequent support strategies on attainment and socio-emotional wellbeing in Key Stage 1 (January 2021). It is now the focus of analysis in many countries, as they aim to identify the most efficient distance-learning tools. With the pandemic slowing down, governments are now developing the next steps of their strategy to cope with a crisis of an unprecedented scope. Such elements encompasses for instance the struggle some students face to maintain their learning pace from home due to inadequate resources; the erosion of their basic academic skills due to lack of practice; the difficulty in re-engaging with education activities; their demotivation as they fall further behind; and the curbing of their educational aspirations due to the uncertainty of the learning environment. [6] LesEchos (2020), Coronavirus : « Entre 5 et 8 % des élèves » sans continuité pédagogique depuis la fermeture des écoles, https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/coronavirus-5-et-8-des-eleves-sans-continuite-pedagogique-depuis-la-fermeture-des-ecoles-1190583 (accessed on 18 June 2020). [5] Hattie, J. The Lancet, 395(10235), 1467–1469. school during the 2020 closures record a corona-induced loss of skills of one-tenth of a standard deviation and if all cohorts thereafter return to previous levels, the 1.5% loss of future GDP would be equivalent to a total economic loss of USD 15.3 trillion (Hanushek E and Woessman L, forthcoming [1]). Does a Human's Personality Rub Off on Their Dog? In many countries, it implies to plan the safe reopening of schools, and it has taken various forms. Dreams have been described as dress rehearsals for real life, opportunities to gratify wishes, and a form of nocturnal therapy. [8] Saavedra, J. Download file (PDF, 7.79 MB) Abstract. The impact of school closures caused by the pandemic. The OECD Project for International Student Assessment (PISA) is currently developing a specific questionnaire module to build a comparative dataset and document the educational impact of the crisis across countries (OECD, 2020[12]). During the COVID-19 crisis, and in the absence of traditional schooling, we expected that levels of learning would not match what face-to-face teaching would have achieved. What Can You Do When Life Is Overwhelming, 12 Active Ways to Conquer Anxiety and Depression, Like Seeing Colors for the First Time: Superheroes and Mania, Source: Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash, How to Deal with Avoidant Personality in Romantic Relationships, Why President Biden's Atrial Fibrillation Is So Important, Psychology Today © 2021 Sussex Publishers, LLC, The Kissing Brain: Investigating the Neuroscience of Romance. Governments through respective ministries and agencies should continually increase awareness concerning the need to use available resources to support the mental wellbeing of their children and adolescents. Six months into the pandemic, the coronavirus disease is still on the loose and making headlines. The impact of missing out on formal learning and the already embarrassing attainment gap in our education system is likely to worsen even with the measures proposed by the government to counter learning loss. For instance, some families or communities are struggling with food insecurity, economic needs, and general family support. In order to mitigate the increasing threats to children and adolescents’ mental and physical health, everyone must actively, rapidly, and collaboratively act towards mitigating the growing threats. In Los Angeles (United States), the nation’s second-largest school district, around 13% of high school students still had not had any contact with teaching staff three weeks following the lockdown (The New-York Times, 2020[7]). [7] The New-York Times (2020), As School Moves Online, Many Students Stay Logged Out, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/coronavirus-schools-attendance-absent.html (accessed on 18 June 2020). In China, about 220 million children and adolescents in primary school, secondary school, and preschool are confined to their homes. School closures related to the current COVID-19 pandemic affects the development of children of all ages. During this time, distance-learning solutions such as online classrooms, TV and radio broadcasts, and computer-assisted learning were implemented to bridge the gap between schools and learners, but the overall impact on learning remains uncertain. As closures tend to occur concurrently with other interventions such as public gathering bans, it can be difficult to measure the specific impact of school closures. The outcome is that 42% of the world’s population is exposed to long-term negative effects on their mental health. For instance, since the COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat, international communities, researchers, professionals, and policymakers should proactively share psychological and social information. What's the impact of school closures on neighborhoods? The impact of school closures on children’s nutrition, Innocenti Working Papers no. This risk, acknowledged worldwide (Saavedra, 2020[8]), prompts the existence of a potential hysteresis of the COVID-19 crisis in education as some students went off the grid during the school closures (Figure 2). OECD (2020), “Education responses to COVID-19: an implementation strategy toolkit”, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/81209b82-en, Pierre Gouëdard (✉ Pierre.gouedard@oecd.org ), Beatriz Pont; (✉ Beatriz.pont@oecd.org). The impact of school closures on children’s nutrition. Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study. It reveals a different issue, as distance-learning solutions are often associated with attendance challenges and higher absenteeism. No, this was not measuring pediatric deaths in the spring. While pharmaceutical treatments are not yet widely available (as of March 22, 2020), supportive measures are still important for patient survival. In the early days of the lockdown of "non-essential" activities and public places, most, if not every person hoped that by this time life would have returned to its normal routine and pattern. Studies on the aftereffects of natural disasters can also provide us with useful insight on children’s education and mental health outcomes. 21% reported their school is providing pupils with laptops or other devices , with significant differences between secondary (31%) and primary (11%) schools. Paper by the University of Warwick on the impact of school closures. This study aimed to explore the impact of school closures on children’s health by comparing health and wellbeing outcomes collected during school closures (April – June 2020) with data from the same period in 2019 and 2018. Some countries, such as France or Germany, have already welcomed back students, while others, such as Spain or Italy, will maintain the school gates closed until September. Governments, INGOs, NGOs, and religious institutions should collectively work towards empowering under-resourced communities and provide for the unmet needs, especially those which directly impact the mental health of youth. (2020), Visible Learning Effect Sizes When Schools Are Closed: What Matters and What Does Not, https://opsoa.org/application/files/2215/8689/0389/Infuences-during-Corona-JH-article.pdf (accessed on 18 June 2020). The impact of school closures on future earnings depends on the duration as well as the economic return of education, which again will depend on the quality of education and future employment opportunities. Research examining the potential impact of school closures on the attainment gap. In addition to the plots, we also reported the impact of school closures as a percentage of learning gains that students were expected to make relative to a typical school year. Short-term closures have shown to negatively impact learning outcomes, unsurprising when you consider documented educational regress exhibited during lengthy summer school holidays. Some countries have developed initiatives to limit dropout during school closures. The decline in crime was concentrated in neighborhoods where high … A study by Cauchemez and colleagues estimated that extended school closures in France could reduce cases of H5N1 influenza by 13–17% (although in practice, some schools might stay open to provide child care, reducing this estimate). [2] Reimers, F. and A. Schleicher (2020), Educational Opportunity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has forced school closures in 188 countries, heavily disrupting the learning process of more than 1.7 billion children, youth, and their families. What's the impact of school closure on the students in the closed schools? The research into year 2 pupils suggests disadvantaged children have fallen seven months behind their wealthier classmates in both reading and maths. Source: Reimers and Schleicher (2020[2]), Educational Opportunity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. This uncertainty makes a holistic assessment of tradeoffs challenging. For instance because it takes time to adapt and switch to distance-learning, international reports already highlighted the difficulties schools face to integrate the technologies of information and communication into the classroom (OECD, 2018[3]; OECD, 2019[4]). If some countries and US states have postponed reopening of schools to the next academic year and restrictions to all weekend and summer holiday outdoor activities continue, how affected will the mental health of our children and adolescents be? Can Optimism Get You Through These Tough Times? Ariela Rozman is EdNavigator’s Chief Operating Officer. According to Hattie (2020[5]), we should not, however, overly focus on the impact of school closures on students’ learning. The impact of enforced school closures in March 2020 on secondary students’ social development was most severe for senior cycle students. This scenario is similar in its assumption to the COVID Slide scenario but calculated based on learning rates from the … As countries worldwide implemented stay-at-home orders to curb the spread of COVID-19, parents lost access to reliable childcare. Full Absenteeism: School closures were equivalent to students being absent 100% of the time under normal conditions. How to prevent students from disengaging from learning during school closures? First, there is an urgency to collect comprehensive data to gain an accurate picture of dropouts or disengaged students during school closures, develop specific support to bring those students back to school, and engage in diagnostic assessment to identify their learning needs. Covid-19 Resources. Methods We simulated COVID-19 transmission dynamics using an individual-based stochastic model, incorporating social-contact data of school-aged children during shelter-in-place … Understanding the impact of school closures in the spring may help to inform these decisions. Schools are already working to lessen the impact of school closures on inequality gaps among pupils. Paper by the University of Warwick on the impact of school closures. However, while this potential learning loss may only be temporary, other elements that happen in the absence of traditional schooling, such as the curbing of educational aspirations or the disengagement from the school system, will have a long-term impact on students’ outcomes. How far behind are our kids? Despite these different reopening timelines that reflect national preferences and contexts, there is a broad consensus on the need to analyse and evaluate the consequences of school closures (Gouëdard, Pont and Viennet, 2020[1]). The COVID-19 crisis has forced school closures in 188 countries, heavily disrupting the learning process of more than 1.7 billion children, youth, and their families. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/digital_gap_during_covid-19.pdf, https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/2020_05_27_llg_and_pandemic_cnet_b.pdf, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people/coronavirus-covid-19-guidance-on-vulnerable-children-and-young-people, https://opsoa.org/application/files/2215/8689/0389/Infuences-during-Corona-JH-article.pdf, https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/coronavirus-5-et-8-des-eleves-sans-continuite-pedagogique-depuis-la-fermeture-des-ecoles-1190583, https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/PISA-2021-Adjusted-Design.pdf, http://www.oecd.org/education/2030/E2030%20Position%20Paper%20(05.04.2018).pdf, https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/educational-challenges-and-opportunities-covid-19-pandemic, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/coronavirus-schools-attendance-absent.html. UNESCO highlights some of the challenges of school closures and home confinement. 2021-01, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence. For instance, increased use of mobile mental health apps could be designed to capture the interests and focus of both children and adolescents. 21% reported their school is providing pupils with laptops or other devices , with significant differences between secondary (31%) and primary (11%) schools. The benefit of closing schools during an epidemic is to reduce transmission and new cases. This group evaluated the potential impact on life expectancy of the precipitous nation-wide school closures in the spring of 2020. Previous research on the impact of school closures The Cooper et al. Setting aside the economic costs … When schools are closed, they lose an anchor in life and their symptoms could relapse. Written by Stella Otai, a master's student at Wheaton College (IL) studying Humanitarian and Disaster Leadership. Research Brief: The Impact of School Closures on Student Learning 4 Students without access to meaningful instruction after school closures could lose 49% of their potential growth by the start of next school year. Research on this topic is ongoing, but one study in Philadelphia found a 15 percent reduction in total crime and a 30 percent reduction in violent crime after schools with high rates of student misconduct and low educational performance were closed. It was considered at SAGE 17 on 18 March 2020.. Background Large-scale school closures have been implemented worldwide to curb the spread of COVID-19. During this time, distance-learning solutions were implemented to ensure education continuity, and much of the current debate focuses on how much students have learnt during school closures. Moreover, the empirical studies suggest that keeping children and adolescents less physically active and disrupting their routine activities have negative impacts on child and adolescent mental health and physical health. Download the report. A minister says getting kids back in the classroom is the "priority" - but Labour insists parents need more "certainty". Against this backdrop, governments should not solely focus on the short-term effects of the 2 months of disrupted learning, which may fade out by the time students complete their school education. The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions. In the OECD-Harvard Graduate School of Education Survey, the impact of school closures on education continuity was estimated to be at least 2 months of instruction for half of the primary and secondary school students . It’s very important that the mental health care for children and adolescents is taken very seriously. (1996) meta-analysis has been a key source of evidence about the impact of summer closures and has been widely cited. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 224, https://doi.org/10.1787/8e95f977-en. Organisation for Economic, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), A tale of learning loss: when governments should focus on keeping students engaged to avoid hysteresis in education. Tuesday, August 25, 2020 Many school districts have had to make the hard decision to teach virtually at the start of this academic year. Governments are pursuing a variety of approaches to mitigate school closures. and Hammond, and Adda analyze the economic impacts of school closures.1,6,7 Schooling is one of the most important investments we make in our children’s futures, and we do not have good estimates of how prolonged school closures influence drop-out rates and future earnings. BCMJ, Vol. These negative effects emerge despite the optimal efforts of parents to offset the impact of school closures through increased parental time and resource inputs into their children’s education. BC families reported impaired learning, increased child stress, and decreased connection during COVID-19 school closures, while global data show increased loneliness and declining mental health, including anxiety and depression. This column reviews current research on the disproportionate effects these closures have had on mothers of young children. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The forecasts used a national sample of over five million students in grades 3–8 who took MAP ® Growth™ assessments to estimate potential impacts of COVID-19 related school closures. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Education and COVID-19: Focusing on the long-term impact of school closures. On the other hand, how many students who continued to learn during the school closures — the “extensive margin” — refers to the share of students engaged in the education continuity solutions. Geoff Barton, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, suggested a phased reopening was likely. Of evidence about the impact of school closures the Cooper et al of OECD member countries key of! Efficient distance-learning tools the attainment gap have had on mothers of young.. 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